QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND IT'S STAGES:

QUALITY MANAGEMENT: 

Quality management is the process of ensuring that a product or service meets the desired level of quality, as defined by the customer or user. It involves a series of stages that help ensure that the quality of the product or service is maintained throughout its lifecycle. These stages are:

Quality Planning: This stage involves identifying the customer's quality requirements and translating them into specific quality objectives for the product or service. This stage also involves determining the resources, processes, and tools required to meet the quality objectives.

Quality Control: This stage involves monitoring and controlling the processes used to create the product or service to ensure that the quality objectives are met. This stage involves the use of statistical quality control techniques, such as statistical process control, to identify and correct quality problems.

Quality Assurance: This stage involves the development and implementation of a quality management system that ensures that the product or service meets the desired level of quality. This stage involves creating policies, procedures, and guidelines that ensure that quality objectives are met consistently.

Quality Improvement: This stage involves continuously improving the quality of the product or service by identifying and addressing quality problems. This stage involves the use of tools such as root cause analysis, process improvement, and Six Sigma to identify and address quality problems.

Overall, quality management is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring and improvement to ensure that the product or service meets the desired level of quality.

QUALITY PLANNING:

Quality planning is the first stage in quality management. It involves identifying the quality requirements of the customer or user and translating them into specific quality objectives for the product or service. Quality planning is a critical stage in the quality management process as it lays the foundation for the rest of the quality management stages.

During quality planning, the following activities are typically undertaken:

1. Defining quality objectives: This involves defining the quality requirements that the product or service should meet. Quality objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.
2. Identifying quality standards: This involves identifying the quality standards that the product or service should meet, such as ISO standards, industry-specific standards, or customer-specific standards.
3. Establishing quality targets: This involves establishing specific quality targets for the product or service, such as defect rates, cycle times, or customer satisfaction levels.
4. Determining quality assurance and quality control activities: This involves determining the activities that will be used to ensure that the product or service meets the quality objectives, such as inspections, testing, audits, and reviews.
5. Identifying resources: This involves identifying the resources, including personnel, equipment, and materials, needed to achieve the quality objectives.
6. Developing a quality management plan: This involves documenting the quality objectives, standards, targets, activities, and resources in a quality management plan. The quality management plan serves as a roadmap for the rest of the quality management process.

Overall, quality planning is a critical stage in quality management as it helps ensure that the product or service meets the desired level of quality.

QUALITY CONTROL:

Quality control is the second stage in quality management. It involves monitoring and controlling the processes used to create the product or service to ensure that the quality objectives are met. Quality control is an essential stage in the quality management process as it helps identify and correct quality problems before they reach the customer or user.

During quality control, the following activities are typically undertaken:

1. Inspection and testing: This involves inspecting and testing the product or service to ensure that it meets the quality objectives. Inspection and testing may be conducted at various stages of the production process, such as during raw material inspection, in-process inspection, and final inspection.
2. Statistical process control (SPC): This involves using statistical techniques to monitor and control the production process. SPC helps identify trends and patterns in the production process that may indicate quality problems.
3. Corrective action: This involves taking corrective action to address quality problems when they are identified. Corrective action may involve reworking the product, replacing defective parts, or modifying the production process.
4. Documentation: This involves documenting the results of inspections, tests, and corrective actions taken. Documentation is essential for tracking quality performance and identifying opportunities for improvement.

Overall, quality control is a critical stage in quality management as it helps ensure that the product or service meets the desired level of quality. Quality control is a proactive process that helps prevent quality problems from reaching the customer or user.

QUALITY ASSURANCE: 

Quality assurance is the third stage in quality management. It involves the development and implementation of a quality management system that ensures that the product or service meets the desired level of quality. Quality assurance is an essential stage in the quality management process as it provides a framework for maintaining and improving quality over time.

During quality assurance, the following activities are typically undertaken:

1. Quality system development: This involves developing a quality management system that defines the policies, procedures, and guidelines for ensuring that the product or service meets the quality objectives.
2. Quality audits: This involves conducting audits of the quality management system to ensure that it is effective and efficient. Audits may be conducted by internal or external auditors.
3. Training: This involves providing training to employees on the quality management system, quality objectives, and quality standards. Training helps ensure that employees understand their roles and responsibilities in maintaining quality.
4. Management review: This involves regular management reviews of the quality management system to ensure that it is meeting the quality objectives and to identify opportunities for improvement.
5. Continual improvement: This involves identifying opportunities for improvement and making changes to the quality management system to improve quality over time.

Overall, quality assurance is a critical stage in quality management as it helps ensure that the product or service meets the desired level of quality over time. Quality assurance is a proactive process that helps maintain and improve quality by providing a framework for continuous improvement.

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: 

Quality improvement is the fourth and final stage in quality management. It involves continuously improving the quality of the product or service by identifying and addressing quality problems. Quality improvement is an essential stage in the quality management process as it helps ensure that the product or service remains competitive and meets the changing needs of the customer or user.

During quality improvement, the following activities are typically undertaken:

1. Root cause analysis: This involves identifying the underlying causes of quality problems. Root cause analysis may involve using tools such as fishbone diagrams, Pareto charts, and fault tree analysis.
2. Process improvement: This involves making changes to the production process to address quality problems and improve efficiency. Process improvement may involve using tools such as Lean Six Sigma, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Kaizen.
3. Continual monitoring: This involves monitoring the production process and product or service quality to identify quality problems and opportunities for improvement. Continual monitoring may involve using statistical process control (SPC) and other quality control tools.
4. Customer feedback: This involves obtaining feedback from customers on the quality of the product or service. Customer feedback may be obtained through surveys, focus groups, and other methods.

Overall, quality improvement is a critical stage in quality management as it helps ensure that the product or service remains competitive and meets the changing needs of the customer or user. Quality improvement is a proactive process that helps maintain and improve quality by identifying and addressing quality problems and making changes to the production process.

Accessibility in inclusive classroom

An inclusive classroom is a learning environment that accommodates the diverse learning needs of all students, including those with disabilities, and creates an environment that encourages and values diversity. Accessibility is a critical aspect of an inclusive classroom, and it involves ensuring that all students can access and participate in the learning activities provided.

Here are some ways to promote accessibility in an inclusive classroom:

Physical Accessibility: Ensure that the classroom and learning materials are physically accessible to all students. For example, this might involve ensuring that the classroom is wheelchair accessible, providing ramps, ensuring that there are no tripping hazards, and providing seating arrangements that allow for easy movement.

Technological Accessibility: Provide assistive technology to support students with disabilities, such as text-to-speech software or closed captioning. Ensure that any learning materials, such as online resources, are accessible to all students.

Sensory Accessibility: Consider the sensory needs of students with disabilities, such as those who are deaf or hard of hearing or have visual impairments. Ensure that any learning materials, such as videos or presentations, are accessible to all students, and provide alternative formats as necessary.

Instructional Accessibility: Adapt instructional methods to suit the diverse learning needs of all students. For example, use multiple modes of instruction, such as visual aids, hands-on activities, and verbal instructions, to accommodate different learning styles.

Communication Accessibility: Ensure that communication is accessible to all students. For example, provide interpreters or sign language services for students who are deaf or hard of hearing, and use clear, simple language to support students with learning disabilities.

Emotional Accessibility: Create a supportive and welcoming classroom environment that values and respects all students. Encourage students to share their experiences and perspectives and promote a culture of acceptance and understanding.

Overall, promoting accessibility in an inclusive classroom involves being mindful of the diverse learning needs of all students and taking proactive steps to ensure that all students can participate fully and meaningfully in the learning experience.

SAMPLE PAPER : PHYSICS: CLASS XI

 

Class-XI

Time-3hrs                                                                                                                        Total Martks-70

 

 

SECTION A

Attempt the following questions.                                                                                               1x20 = 20

1.       Can the sum of two vectors be a scalar?                                                                                                    

2.       What is the angle between the vectors A x B & B x A?                                                                             

3.       Why does the direction of motion of a projectile become horizontal at the highest point of its trajectory?          

4.       What are horizontal and vertical components of acceleration of a body thrown horizontally with uniform speed?               

5.       Find the dimensional formulae of (i) Charge (ii) potential  

6.       Express one micron to meter.

7.       Slope of the velocity time graph is called ____________.

8.       Can a body have uniform speed but still accelerating?

9.       What is centripetal force?

10.    Write two differences between speed and velocity.

11.    What is the trajectory of a projectile?

12.    What is momentum?

13.    What is angle of friction?

14.    What is static friction?

15.    What is angular momentum?

16.    Explain the radius of gyration.

17.    What is potential energy?

18.    What is a conservative force?

19.    What is an elastic collision?

20.    Explain coefficient of restitution.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

SECTION B

Attempt the following questions.                                                                                       2x9 =18

21.    Explain Newton’s Second Law.

22.    Explain inertia and its types.

23.    What is a torque?

24.    Can the sum of two vectors be a scalar?  Explain.

25.    Determine unit vector which is perpendicular to both A=2i + j + k and B =I – j + 2k?    

26.    If unit vectors A and B are inclined at an angle θ, then Prove that unit vector|A−B|= 2sin                   

27.    Show that the average K.E of a gas molecule is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas? 

28.    State four assumptions on which kinetic theory of gas is based?  

29.    A projectile is fired horizontally with a velocity u. Show that its trajectory is a parabola.

        Attempt the following questions.                                                                                   3x8= 24

30.    A bullet of mass 0.04 kg moving with a speed of 90 m/s enters a heavy wooden block and is stopped after a distance of 60 cm. What is average resistive force exerted by the block on the bullet?

31.    Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a body.

32.    If the linear momentum of a body increases by 20%, what will be the % increase of the kinetic energy of the body?

33.    What is the principle of conservation of linear momentum?

34.    Write the expressions of parallel axes theorem and perpendicular axes theorem.

35.    Derive the relation between Torque and angular momentum.

36.    Calculate  for hydrogen at 27⁰C                                                                                                                    

(a) K.E.of one gram mole of gas

(b) K.E. of one gram of the gas

(c) root mean square velocity of molecule. Molecular weight of hydrogen=2 gram.

37.    A cricket ball is thrown at a speed of 28m/s in a direction 30° above the horizontal. Calculate

         (a) maximum height              

  (b) the time taken by the ball to return to the same level.  

         (c) the horizontal distance from the thrower to the point where the ball returns to the same level.

 

SECTION C

Attempt the following questions.                                                                 2x4 =8

 

38.    Prove that in an elastic one-dimensional collision between two bodies, the velocity of approach is equal to the velocity of separation after the collision. Hence derive expressions for the velocities of the two bodies in terms of their initial velocities before collision.

39.    Briefly explain how is a horse able to pull a cart.

THE FUNCTIONALITY MICROSOFT STREAM

Microsoft Stream is a video-sharing service developed by Microsoft that allows users to upload, view, and share videos with others within their organization. It is a cloud-based platform that is designed to help organizations securely manage and distribute video content.

The functionality of Microsoft Stream can be broken down into several key features, including:

Video creation and upload: Users can upload videos from their computer or mobile device, or create and record new videos directly within the platform. Videos can be edited, trimmed, and enhanced with captions, transcripts, and annotations.

Video sharing and collaboration: Microsoft Stream makes it easy to share videos with others within an organization. Users can share videos via links, embed them in websites or applications, or share them directly within Microsoft Teams or other Microsoft applications. Users can also collaborate on videos by commenting, tagging, and discussing them with others.

Video discovery and search: Microsoft Stream allows users to search for videos using keywords, titles, and descriptions. Users can also discover new videos by browsing categories, channels, and playlists.

Video security and permissions: Microsoft Stream provides robust security and permissions controls to ensure that videos are only accessible to authorized users. Administrators can control who can upload, view, and share videos, and can set permissions at the individual video level.

Analytics and reporting: Microsoft Stream provides detailed analytics and reporting on video usage, including views, engagement, and completion rates. This information can be used to optimize video content and improve engagement.

Overall, Microsoft Stream is a powerful tool for managing and sharing video content within an organization. Its ease of use, collaboration features, and security controls make it a popular choice for businesses of all sizes that want to use video to communicate and engage with employees, customers, and partners.

FUNCTIONALITY OF MICROSOFT FORMS

Microsoft Forms is an application developed by Microsoft that allows users to create and distribute surveys, quizzes, and polls. It is a cloud-based service that allows users to create and share custom forms with others, and collect data from respondents.

The functionality of Microsoft Forms can be broken down into several key features, including:

Form creation: Microsoft Forms makes it easy to create professional-looking forms and surveys. Users can choose from a variety of pre-made templates, or create their own custom form from scratch. Forms can include multiple types of questions such as multiple-choice, text input, rating, and Likert scales.

Form sharing: Once a form is created, users can easily share it with others. Forms can be shared via email, link, QR code, or embedded directly into a website. Users can also set permissions for who can respond to the form.

Data collection and analysis: As responses come in, Microsoft Forms automatically collects and aggregates the data into charts and graphs, making it easy to analyze and understand the results. Users can export the data to Excel for further analysis or to integrate with other tools.

Collaboration: Microsoft Forms allows multiple users to collaborate on a form, making it easy to work on projects together. Users can share forms with others for editing and collaboration, and can leave comments and feedback for each other.

Integration with other Microsoft products: Microsoft Forms integrates with other Microsoft products such as Microsoft Teams, OneNote, and Excel, making it easy to incorporate form data into other workflows.

Overall, Microsoft Forms is a powerful tool for creating and distributing surveys, quizzes, and polls. Its ease of use, flexibility, and integration with other Microsoft products make it a popular choice for individuals and organizations of all sizes.

EXCRETION

CLASS X   |    SCIENCE    |    LIFE PROCESSES

      Notes prepared by Subhankar Karmakar

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SCIENCE: CLASS X: CBSE (CLASS NOTES)

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• EXCRETION

The process of removal of toxic wastes from our body of an organism is called excretion. Excretion takes place in plants as well as in animals. 

Biochemical reactions that takes place inside the cells of an organism may produce toxic wastes which are removed by the process of excretion. 

• EXCRETION IN PLANTS

• The main waste products produced by plants are carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen. 

• The gaseous wastes of respiration and photosynthesis in plants (carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen) are removed through the "stomata" in leaves and "lenticels" in stems and released to the air. 

• The plants excrete carbon dioxide produced as a waste during respiration only at night time. 

• The plants excrete oxygen as a waste only during day time. 

• Water vapour produced during respiration is excreted by plants during day time as well as night time by the process of Transpiration. 

• The plants also store some of the waste products in their body parts like in the leaves, bark and fruits of the plants. Plants get rid of them by shedding of leaves, peeling of bark and felling of fruits. 

• Some of the plant wastes get stored in the fruits of the plant in the form of solid raphides. Plants secrete their wastes in the form of gum and resins from their stems and branches. 

• EXCRETION IN ANIMALS

1. AMOEBA: In Amoeba carbon dioxide is removed by diffusion through the cell membrane but nitrogeneous wastes like ammonia and excess water are removed by Conractile Vacuole. 

2. EARTHWORM: In Earthworm, the tubular structures called nephredia are the excretory organs. But it also uses its moist skin as an additional excretory organ. 

• EXCRETION IN HUMAN 

Excretion is the process by which the body eliminates waste products and excess substances to maintain homeostasis, or balance, in the body. In human beings, excretion primarily involves the elimination of metabolic waste products and excess water and salts.

There are several organs involved in excretion in human beings:

Kidneys: The kidneys are the primary excretory organs in the body, responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them in the form of urine.

Skin: The skin plays a role in excretion by eliminating excess water, salts, and urea through sweat.

Lungs: The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and small amounts of water vapor during exhalation.

Liver: The liver plays a role in excretion by eliminating toxins and waste products from the body.

The process of excretion in human beings involves several steps. First, waste products are filtered from the blood by the kidneys and transported to the bladder. The bladder then stores the urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. Meanwhile, excess water, salts, and urea are eliminated through sweat and the lungs.

Overall, the process of excretion is essential for maintaining the proper balance of fluids and chemicals in the body and for removing waste products that can be harmful if they build up in the bloodstream.

• The Salient Points

1. The major wastes produced by the human body  are : Carbon dioxide and Urea. 

2. Carbon dioxide is producedas a waste by the oxidation of food during the process of respiration and Urea is produced as a waste by the decomposition of unused proteins in the liver. 

3. While Lungs excrete carbon dioxide, our Kidneys excrete urea.

4. The excretory system of human beings consists of (i) two kidneys, (ii) two ureters, (iii) Bladder and (iv) Urethra. 

5. The function of kidneys is to remove the poisonous substance urea, other waste salts, and excess water from the blood and excrete them in the form of a yellowish liquid called urine. 

6. The dirty blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery and cleaned blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein. 

7. Each kidneys are connected to the urinary bladder by excretory tubes called ureters. Urine is stored in the bladder. Urethra is a tube and the urine collected in the bladder is expelled from our body through the urethra. 

8. Each kidney is made up of a large number of excretory units called nephrons. The nephron has a cup shaped bag at its upper end which is called Bowman's Capsule. The lower end of Bowman's capsule is tube shaped and it is called a tubule. The Bowman's capsule and tubule taken together make a nephron. 

9. One end of the tubule is connected to the Bowman's capsule and the other end is connected to a urine collecting duct of the kidney. 

10. The Bowman's capsule contains a bundle of blood capillaries which is called glomerulus. One end of the glomerulus is attached to the renal artery which brings the dirty blood containing urea waste to it. The other end of glomerulus comes out the Bowman's capsule as a blood capillary, surrounds the tubule of nephron and finally joins a renal vein carrying clean blood.

11. The function of glomerulus is to filter the blood passing through it. Only the small molecules of substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, urea and water present in blood can pass through the glomerulus and collect as filtrate in the Bowman's capsule. 

The large molecules like oroteins and blood cells can not pass out through the glomerulus capillaries and hence remain behind in the blood. 

12. The function of the tubules of nephron is to allow the selective reabsorption of the useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and water into the blood capillaries. But the waste material like urea remains behind in the tubule. It does not get reabsorbed into blood capillaries. 

LECTURE 7: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

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The main organs of human respiratory system are: Nose, Nasal Passage (Nasal Cavity), Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Diaphragm.

1. Air for Respiration is drawn into our body through the nostrils (two holes in the nose) present in the nose. This air goes to nasal passage (passage behind the nostrils). 

2. Nasal hair and mucus present in nasal cavity cleans the incoming air. The part of throat between the mouth and wind pipeis called Pharynx. 

3. The wind pipe is known as Trachea. Trachea is reinforced by rings of cartilage, hence it will not collapsedeven when there is no air in it. Upper end of Trachea contains Voice box or Larynx.

4. Trachea is divided into two smaller tubes called. Bronchi. The two bronchi is connected to the two lungs. 

LUNGS: 

5. The lungs lie in the chest cavity or thoracic cavity and separated from abdominal cavity by a muscular partition called diaphragm. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle below the lungs. It helps in "breathing in" and "breathing out". 

6. The lungs are covered by two thin membranes called pleura and protected by the rib cage made of ribs. 

7. Each bronchus divides in the lungs to form a large number of smaller tubes called bronchioles. 

8. The bronchioles have have tiny air-sacs at their ends called alveoli. The walls of alveoli are very thin and they are surrounded by very thin blood capilaries. Here, oxygen is taken in the body and carbon di oxide is eliminated, i.e. gaseous exchange takes place in alveoli. All the alveoli have a cumulative surface area of around 80 square metres. 

9. Oxygen of air diffuses out from the alveoli walls to the blood and carried by the blood to all the parts of the body and oxygen again diffuses into the individual cells and takes part in the respiration and releases carbon di oxide. 

RATE OF BREATHING

The average breathing rate in an adult man at rest is about 15 to 18 times per minute. The breathing rate increases with increased physical activity. 

HAEMOGLOBIN

Oxygen required for breathing and respiration is carried by haemoglobin present in our blood. The normal range of haemoglobin in the blood of a healthy adult person is from 12 to 18 gm/dL (grams per decilitre) of blood. The deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood of a person reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood resulting in breathing problems, tiredness and lack of energy. 

CARBON DI OXIDE POISONING

Haemoglobin has more affinity for carbon monoxide then oxygen. So, if carbon monoxide gas is inhaled by a person then this carbon di oxide binds very strongly with haemoglobin  in the blood and prevents it from carrying oxygen to the brain and other parts of the body and it creates fatal breathing problems. It is known as Carbon dioxide poisoining. 

VENTILATOR

When a patient suffers a serious breathing problem, the patient is put on a machine called "ventilator" in which a tube is inserted directly into the trachea of the patient to help him in breathing comfortably.