QUESTIONS BANK 5 : FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEM

(I am going to publish a question bank for EME-102/EME-202 of 1st yr. MTU; Greater Noida. Some pages from the book .......Subhankar Karmakar)

 

QUESTIONS BANK 4 : FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEM

(I am going to publish a question bank for EME-102/EME-202 of 1st yr. MTU; Greater Noida. Some pages from the book .......Subhankar Karmakar)

QUESTIONS BANK 2: FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEM

(I am going to publish a question bank for EME-102/EME-202 of 1st yr. MTU; Greater Noida. Some pages from the book .......Subhankar Karmakar)

1)      Explain the principle of Super-position.

Ans: The principle of superposition states that “The effect of a force on a body does not change and remains same if we add or subtract any system which is in equilibrium.”

In the fig 4 a, a force P is applied at point A in a beam, where as in the fig 4 b, force P is applied at point A and a force system in equilibrium which is added at point B. Principle of super position says that both will produce the same effect.

2)      What is “Force-Couple system?”

Ans: When a force is required to transfer from a point A to point B, we can transfer the force directly without changing its magnitude and direction but along with the moment of force about point B.

As a result of parallel transfer a system is obtained which is always a combination of a force and a moment or couple. This system consists of a force and a couple at a point is known as Force-Couple system.

      In fig 5 a, a force P acts on a bar at point A, now at point B we introduce a system of forces  in equilibrium (fig 5 b), hence according to principle of superposition there is no change in effect of the original system. Now we can reduce the downward force P at point A and upward force P at point B as a couple of magnitude Pxd at point B (fig 5 c).

3) What do you understand by Equivalent force systems?

Ans: Two different force systems will be equivalent if they can be reduced to the same force-couple system at a given point. So, we can say that two force systems acting on the same rigid body will be equivalent if the sums of forces or resultant and sums of the moments about a point are equal.

4)      What is orthogonal or perpendicular resolution of a force?

Ans: The resolution of a force into two components which are mutually perpendicular to each other along X-axis and Y-axis is called orthogonal resolution of a force.

If a force F acts on an object at an angle θ with the positive X-axis, then its component along X-axis is F_x = Fcosθ, and that along Y-axis is F_y = Fsinθ

5) What is oblique or non-perpendicular resolution of a force?

Ans: When a force is required to be resolved in to two directions which are not perpendiculars to each other the resolution is called oblique or Non-perpendicular resolution of a force.

   
       F_OA = (P sin β)/ sin (α +β)

 F_OB = (P sin α)/ sin (α +β)

QUESTION BANK 1: FORCE AND FORCE SYSTEM

(I am going to publish a question bank for EME-102/EME-202 of 1st yr. MTU; Greater Noida. Some pages from the book .......Subhankar Karmakar)

QUESTION BANK: ENGINEERING MECHANICS

by Er. Subhankar Karmakar

Unit: 1 (Force System)

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (2 marks):

1)      What is force and force system?

Ans: A force is a physical quantity having magnitude as well as direction. Therefore, it is a   vector quantity. It is defined as an "external agency" which produces or tends to produce or destroys or tends to destroy the motion when applied on a body.

Its unit is Newton (N) in S.I. systems and dyne in C.G.S. system.

When two or more forces act on a body or particle, it is called force system. Therefore, a force system is a collection of two or more forces.

2)      What is static equilibrium? What are the different types of static equilibrium?

Ans: A body is said to be in static equilibrium when there is no change in position as well as no rotation exist on the body. So to be in equilibrium process, there must not be any kind of motions ie there must not be any kind of translational motion as well as rotational motion.

We also know that to have a linear translational motion we need a net force acting on the object towards the direction of motion, again to induce an any kind of rotational motion, a net moment must exists acting on the body. Further it can be said that any kind of complex motion can be resolved into a translational motion coupled with a rotating motion.

“Therefore a body subjected to a force system would be at rest if and only if the net force as well as the net moment on the body is zero.”

There are three types of Static Equilibrium

1.      Stable Equilibrium

2.      Unstable Equilibrium

3.      Neutral Equilibrium

3)      What are the characteristics of a force?

Ans: A force has four (4) basic characteristics.

·         Magnitude: It is the value of the force. It is represented by the length of the arrow that we use to represent a force.

·         Direction: A force always acts along a line, which is called as the “line of action”. The arrow head we used to represent a force is the direction of that force.

·         Nature or Sense: The arrow head also represent the nature of a force. A force may be a pull or a push. If a force acts towards a particle it will be a push and if the force acts away from a point it is pull.

·         Point of Application: It is the original location of a point on a body where the force is acting. 

4)      What are the effects of a force acting on a body?

Whenever a force acts on a body or particle, it may produce some external as well as internal effects or changes.

·         A force may change the state or position of a body by inducing motion of the body. (External effect)

·         A force may change the size or shape of an object when applied on it. It may deform the body thus inducing internal effects on the body.

·         A force may induce rotational motion into a body when applied at a point other than its center of gravity.

·         A force can make a moving body into an equilibrium state at rest.

5)      What is composition and resolution of forces?

Ans: Composition of forces: Composition or compounding is the procedure to find out single resultant force of a force system

Resolution of forces: Resolution is the procedure of splitting up a single force into number of components without changing the effect of the same.

6)      What is Resultant and Equilibrant?

Ans: Resultant: The resultant of a force system is the Force which produces same effect as the combined forces of the force system would do. So if we replace all components of the force by the resultant force, then there will be no change in effect.

The Resultant of a force system is a vector addition of all the components of the force system. The magnitude as well as direction of a resultant can be measured through analytical method.

Equilibrant: Any concurrent set of forces, not in equilibrium, can be put into a state of equilibrium by a single force. This force is called the Equilibrant. It is equal in magnitude, opposite in sense and co-linear with the resultant. When this force is added to the force system, the sum of all of the forces is equal to zero.

7)      Explain the principle of Transmissibility?

Ans: The principle of transmissibility states “the point of application of a force can be transmitted anywhere along the line of action, but within the body.”

The fig 3 a shows a force F acting at a point of application A and fig 3 b, the same force F acts along the same line of action but at a different point of action at B and both are equivalent to each other.

2D FORCE ANALYSIS : HOW TO FIND REACTIONS IN A CASE OF CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM ACTING ON A BODY IS IN EQUILIBRIUM

DEFINITION : CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEM

If the lines of actions of all the forces in a force system pass through a common point, then the force system is called as Concurrent Force System. The equilibrium conditions for a concurrent force system is

ΣF_x = 0 and   ΣF_y = 0

 

The steps to find out reactions when a coplanar concurrent force system acting on a body in equilibrium condition :

 

 

STEP 1 :

 

(i) Draw the diagram and identify all the contact points the body makes with other bodies including ground.

(ii) Draw a tangent at each contact point with the object. These tangents are called Contact Surfaces.

(iii) Draw a perpendicular to the contact surface at each and every contact points. These perpendiculars will be the directions of reactions at each and every contact point.

(iv) Find the angles made by the reactions with respect to horizontal with the help of Geometry.

 

 

STEP 2 :

 

(i) Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) that consists of the external forces acting on the object. (applied forces, forces of gravity and reactions all are external forces)

(ii) Assign reactions by symbols like R₁, R₂ ....... and resolve all the external forces along X-axis and Y-axis.

(iii) Now add all the horizontal component forces as ΣF_x and put ΣF_x = 0 ---- eqn (1)

and add all the vertical component forces as ΣF_y and put ΣF_y = 0 --------eqn (2)

(iv) Solving these two equations we shall get values of  R₁, R_2.

 

TWO DIMENSIONAL FORCE SYSTEM

Q: WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE TERM "FORCE"? WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF FORCE ON A PARTICLE AND A RIGID BODY? EXPLAIN WITH SUITABLE EXAMPLES.

Answer:

FORMAL DEFINITION:

A FORCE is that which can cause an object with mass to ACCELERATE. Force has both MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION, making it a vector quantity. According to Newton's second law, an object with constant mass will accelerate in proportion to the net force acting upon it and in INVERSE PROPORTION TO ITS MASS (M). An equivalent formulation is that the net force on an object is equal to the RATE OF CHANGE OF MOMENTUM it experiences. Forces acting on three-dimensional objects may also cause them to rotate or deform, or result in a change in pressure. The tendency of a force to cause angular acceleration about an axis is called TORQUE. Deformation and pressure are the result of stress forces within an object.


EXPLANATION OF MECHANICAL FORCE AND IT'S EFFECT ON A PARTICLE:

CHANGE IN POSITION:

To know force well, first we have to understand what do we mean by Change. What does it mean when we say the position of the body has been changed? Whenever we find the state of object becomes different than that of the same object before some time say Δt, then we say that there exists a change in the state of the object. Suppose the change occurs in the position of the body. But to find the initial position of a body, we need a co-ordinate system.

THE CAUSE OF CHANGE:

It has been seen that to induced a change or to make a change in the position of an object we must have to change the energy possess by the body. To transfer energy into the object we shall have to apply FORCE on the body. Therefore Force is the agency that makes a change in position of a body.

THE CONCLUSION: GALILEO'S LAW OF INERTIA OR NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION.

So, if there is no force on an object the position of the object won't change with respect to time. It means if a body at rest would remain at rest and a body at uniform motion would remain in a steady motion. This law is known as Galileo's Law of Inertia or Newton's first law of motion.

• 2 DIMENSIONAL FORCE

In physics, force is a vector quantity that is used to describe the interaction between two objects. In a two-dimensional system, forces can act in two different directions, which are typically labeled as the x-axis and the y-axis.

When dealing with two-dimensional force, it is essential to use vector addition to determine the net force acting on an object. The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object. The direction of the net force is determined by the angle of the resultant force vector.

To calculate the net force in two dimensions, we must first break down each force into its x and y components. The x-component of a force is the amount of force acting in the x-direction, and the y-component is the amount of force acting in the y-direction. Once we have the x and y components for each force, we can add them together to find the net force.

The magnitude of the net force can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. In this case, the hypotenuse is the magnitude of the net force, and the other two sides are the x and y components of the net force.

In summary, when dealing with two-dimensional force, it is essential to use vector addition to determine the net force acting on an object. To calculate the net force, we must first break down each force into its x and y components and then add them together. The magnitude and direction of the net force can be determined using trigonometry.

• ORTHOGONAL RESOLUTION OF A FORCE

Orthogonal resolution of a force is a technique used in physics to break down a force vector into its components along two orthogonal axes, typically the x and y axes. This technique is useful in analyzing the motion of an object under the influence of a force and can help determine the net force acting on an object.

To perform orthogonal resolution of a force, we first need to identify the angle that the force vector makes with respect to one of the axes, usually the x-axis. We can then use trigonometry to determine the components of the force vector along the x and y axes.

If the angle between the force vector and the x-axis is θ, the x-component of the force can be found using the equation F_x = F cos(θ), where F is the magnitude of the force. Similarly, the y-component of the force can be found using the equation F_y = F sin(θ).

Once we have the x and y components of the force, we can use vector addition to determine the net force acting on an object. The net force is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object and can be found by adding the x and y components of each force separately.

Orthogonal resolution of a force is a powerful technique that is used in many areas of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, and fluid dynamics. By breaking down a force vector into its components, we can better understand the forces acting on an object and predict its motion under different conditions.

WHAT IS A FORCE SYSTEM? CAN WE CLASSIFY FORCE SYSTEMS?

ANSWER:
                         A force system may be defined as a system where more than one force act on the body. It means that whenever multiple forces act on a body, we term the forces as a force system. We can further classify force system into different sub-categories depending upon the nature of forces and the point of application of the forces. Almost any system of known forces can be resolved into a single force called a resultant force or simply a Resultant. The resultant is a representative force which has the same effect on the body as the group of forces it replaces. (A couple is an exception to this) It, as one single force, can represent any number of forces and is very useful when resolving multiple groups of forces. It is important to note that for any given system of forces, there is only one resultant.


Different types of force system:

• (i) COPLANAR FORCES:

If two or more forces rest on a plane, then they are called coplanar forces. There are many ways in which forces can be manipulated. It is often easier to work with a large, complicated system of forces by reducing it an ever decreasing number of smaller problems. This is called the "resolution" of forces or force systems. This is one way to simplify what may otherwise seem to be an impossible system of forces acting on a body. Certain systems of forces are easier to resolve than others. Coplanar force systems have all the forces acting in in one plane. They may be concurrent, parallel, non-concurrent or non-parallel. All of these systems can be resolved by using graphic statics or algebra.

• (ii) CONCURRENT FORCES:

A concurrent coplanar force system is a system of two or more forces whose lines of action ALL intersect at a common point. However, all of the individual vectors might not actually be in contact with the common point. These are the most simple force systems to resolve with any one of many graphical or algebraic options. If the line of actions of two or more forces passes through a certain point simultaneously then they are called concurrent forces. concurrent forces may or may not be coplanar.

• (iii) LIKE FORCES:

A parallel coplanar force system consists of two or more forces whose lines of action are ALL parallel. This is commonly the situation when simple beams are analyzed under gravity loads. These can be solved graphically, but are combined most easily using algebraic methods. If the lines of action of two or more forces are parallel to each other, they are called parallel forces and if their directions are same, then they are called LIKE FORCES.

• (iv) UNLIKE FORCES:

If the parallel forces are such that their directions are opposite to each other, then they are termed as "UNLIKE FORCE".

• (v) NON COPLANAR FORCES:

The last illustration is of a "non-concurrent and non-parallel system". This consists of a number of vectors that do not meet at a single point and none of them are parallel. These systems are essentially a jumble of forces and take considerable care to resolve.

on 20th November, 2010: ©subhankar