THE IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

If we carefully think about human civilization, one shall notice an wonderful fact about human beings. The thing that made us different from other hominids is the skill to manufacture tools. We just triumphed due to our ability to make primitive tools out of stone and metals during the dawn of the civilizations. Since then much time has passed and we have entered into a Machine Era and man has been still continuously engaged in converting the natural resources into useful products by adding value to them through machining and other engineering activities applying on the raw materials. Manufacturing is the sub branch of Engineering which involves the conversion of raw materials into finished products.

The conversion of natural resources into raw materials is normally taken care of by two sub branches of engineering viz. Mining and Metallurgy Engineering. The value addition to the raw materials by shaping and transforming it to final products generally involves several distinct processes like castings, forming, forging, machining, joining, assembling and finishing to obtain a completely finished product.

Understanding Manufacturing Engineering largely based upon three engineering activities and they are Designing,  Production and Development of new more efficient techniques.

At the Design stage, engineering design mainly concentrates on the optimization of engineering activities to achieve most economical way to manufacture a goods from raw materials. It also chooses the raw materials and impart the requisite engineering properties of materials like hardness, strength, elasticity, toughness by applying various heat treatment to them.

During the production stages, the selection of the important process parameters to minimize the idle time and cost, and maximizing the production and its quality is very important.

The New Technologies must be implemented to adapt to the changing scenarios of the markets and demands to make the sales competitive and sustainable.

CENTROID OF COMPLEX GEOMETRIC FIGURES:

So in this articles, we are going to discuss the concepts of centroid for one dimensional as well as two dimensional objects. 

Let's first discuss about 1D and 2D objects, one by one, an 1D object is a line, practically a metallic rod will be considered as a linear, 1D object. Where as any thin plate of negligible thickness can be considered a 2D body. Suppose we have a thin metallic rectangular plate. If it is considered as a 2D rectangular area of b X h.

The concept of centroid has been developed on the basis of resultant of several areas. We know that an area can be represented as the cross product of two vectors, hence it is also an vector. Suppose we have an area A, in a cartesian 2D coordinate system. We just divide the area into n parts, and represent them as a₁, a₂, a₃, ..... a_n.

Let the elemental areas are at a distance x₁, x₂, x₃, ..... x_n, from Y axis and y₁, y₂, y₃, ...y_n from X axis.

The total moments produced about Y axis will be equal to the summation of all the individual moments produced by n elemental areas. 

Now moment is a vector quantity and we know vectors of same kind can be added together, therefore, all the n moment vectors can be added to get a single value of Resultant Moment. 

We also know this resultant moment's position vector. Let the resultant moment passes through a point G. The point through which resultant moment passes through is called Center of the Area or Centroid.

How can we find out the point G, whose coordinates are (X_g,Y_g)?

As moment of an area also obeys VARIGNON'S THEOREM OF MOMENT, then sum of all the moments produced by individual elemental areas will exactly be equal to the moment produced by the total area, i.e. the resultant of all those elemental areas. Now if all the areas are added to have the resultant area which will pass through the centroid G such that it produces a moment of X_gA about Y axis and Y_gA about X axis.

But Varignon's theorem states us that, for a vector system, resultant vector produces the moment about a point, is exactly equal to the sum of all the moments produced by all elemental areas about the same point and in the same plane. Hence, we can write now that,

Sum(a₁x₁+ a₂x₂+ + +a_nx_n) = AX_g
we can use summation sign ∑ to represent these equations,
∑a_ix_i = (∑a_i)X_g
=> X_g = (∑a_ix_i)/((∑a_i)

Sum(a₁y₁+ a₂y₂+ + +a_ny_n) = AY_g
∑a_iy_i = (∑a_i)Y_g
=> Y_g = (∑a_iy_i)/((∑a_i)

Algorithm to find out the Centroid G(X_g, Y_g) of a Complex Geometric Figure.

Step1:
Take a complex 2D figure like an Area or Lamina.

Step2:
Try to identify the basic figures whose algebraic combination produces our problem figure, whose centroid we shall find out.

Step3:
Choose a coordinate system, and make it as our frame of reference. All the distances and coordinate must be define with respect to our frame of reference.

Step4:
Compute the area (a_i), coordinates of their own centroid G_i (x_i, y_i) for each and every elemental areas. While measuring the centroids, all the measurements will be based on according to our chosen Axes.

Step5:
If any particular area has to subtracted to get the complex figure, the area will be negative, where as any area addition will be positive area.

Step6:
If the Centroid of the complex figure be G(X_g,Y_g)then,

=> X_g = (∑a_ix_i)/((∑a_i)

=> Y_g = (∑a_iy_i)/((∑a_i)

Here G₁ is the centroid of the part one where G₂ is the centroid of the circular area that has to be removed where as G₃ is the centroid of the triangular area that has to be removed also.

If we are asked to find moment of inertia of an area, which is nothing but the "second moment of area" then we shall have to find the centroidal moment of inertia first. Then we shall transfer the Moment of Inertia to another axis ie we shall apply parallel axis theorem to transfer moment of inertia from one axis (here centroidal axis) to another parallel axis.