SECTION A: Each question carry 2 marks
- 01) What is point function and path function?
- 02) Define Enthalpy.
- 03) What is SFEE?
- 04) What is internal energy of a system
- 05) What is vapour dome and dryness factor?
- 06) What is saturated liquid line and saturated vapour line?
- 07) What is triple point of water?
- 08) Define specific heats of ideal gases.
- 09) Write the reduced form of Vander Waals equation for real gases.
- 10) Define a thermodynamic system.
- 11) State with reasoning whether the following systems are closed, open or isolated
- i) Refrigerator; ii) Pressure Cooker
- 12) Distinguish between isolated system and adiabatic system.
- 13) Explain the concept of flow work
- 14) What is control volume and control surface?
- 15) When does a real gas behave like an ideal gas?
- 16) What are extensive and intensive properties?
- 17) What is enthalpy of evaporation of steam?
- 18) Define degree of under-cooling and degree of superheat.
- 19) What is COP of a heat pump?
- 20) Define throttling process.
- 21) Define entropy.
- 22) Two moles of an ideal gas occupy a volume of 4.24 m³ at 400 K temperature. Find the pressure exerted by the gas.
- 23) Distinguish between refrigerator and heat pump.
- 24) What is Free Expansion?
- 25) Explain Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
- 26) Explain the concept of compressibility factor?
- 27) What is PMM-1.
- 28) What is a superheated steam?
- 29) Distinguish between universal gas constant and characteristic gas constant.
- 30) What is Exergy?
- 31) Distinguish between quasi-static process and reversible process.
- 32) What is a diathermal system boundary?
- 33) What is a steady flow open system?
- 34) What is the difference between latent heat and sensible heat?
- 35) What is a thermodynamic cycle?
- 36) Distinguish between restraint and unrestraint process.
- 37) What is a thermodynamic definition of work?
- 38) What is work of evaporation?
- 39) What is a pure substance?
- 40) What is the concept of continuum?
- 41) Define thermodynamic state, process and path.
- 42) Distinguish between thermal equilibrium and thermodynamic equilibrium.
- 43) What are the conditions for reversible process?
- 44) Distinguish between heat and work.
- 45) What are the differences between gas and vapour?
SECTION B: Attempt any three of the following questions. Each question contains two parts of 5 marks each. Total marks In this section is 3x10 = 30
- 01) a) State Zeroth law of thermodynamics and explain how it leads to the concept of temperature.
b) Explain different types of temperature scale and the relations among them.
- 02) a) Explain the corollaries of first law of thermodynamics.
b) 2 kg of air is confined in a rigid container of 0.42 m3 at 4 bar pressure. When heat energy of 164 kJ is added, its temperature becomes 127°C.
Find :
- i) Work done by the system.
- ii) Change in internal energy.
- iii) Specific heat at constant volume.
- 03) a) Derive an expression for heat transfer and work done in a polytropic process.
b) 1.5 kg of oxygen contained in a cylinder at 4 bar pressure and 300 K expands three times its original volume in a constant pressure process. Determine
i) Initial volume, ii) Final temperature, iii) Work done by the gas, iv) Heat added and v) Change in internal energy.
; Assume Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K and R = 260 J/kg-K
- 04) a) Make steady flow energy analysis on a turbine.
b) Find the velocity and diameter at exit of a nozzle if 5 kg/s air at 9 bar and 200°C expands through the nozzle up to pressure at 1.1 bar. Approach velocity is 50 m/s.
- 05) a) Differentiate between absolute pressure and gauge pressure. What is a manometer?
b) An ideal gas of molecular weight 42.4 has a pressure of 10 bar and occupies a volume of 0.3 m³ at 27°C. Determine the characteristic gas constant for the ideal gas, its mass and number of moles.
- 06) a) Write the first law of thermodynamics for a flow process. Derive an expression for flow work.
b) Find the total work done and efficiency for a reversible Carnot cycle.
- 07) a) What is continuity equation in flow process?
b) 3 kg air at 2 bar pressure and 27℃ temperature has been compressed isothermally till the pressure reaches 6 bar. Next it has been heated at constant pressure and thereafter reaches the initial state by expanding adiabatically. Find the maximum Temperature reached in the cycle and total work done by the system.
- 08) a) Explain the Joule's experiment.
b) Prove that internal energy is a point function.
- 09) a) What is thermodynamic temperature scale?
b) i) A heat engine running between 300 K and 800 K generates 2000 kJ of energy. Find the total heat extracted from the source.
ii) Determine the power required to run a refrigerator that transfers 2000 kJ/min of heat from a cooled space at 0°C to the surroundings atmosphere at 27°C.
- 10) a) What is PMM - 2? State Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of thermodynics.
b) A heat engine running between two thermal reservoirs of 800 K and 300 K is used to power a refrigerator running between two thermal reservoirs of 325 K and 260 K. If the heat engine draws 5000 kJ heat from reservoirs at 800 K, then find the amount of heat extracted from 260 K reservoir by the refrigerator.
- 11) a) Explain the Vander Waal's gas equation.
b) 4 kg of steam at 16 bar occupies a volume of 0.28 m³. The steam expands at constant volume to a pressure of 8 bar. Determine the final dryness fraction, final internal energy and change in entropy.
- 12) a) Explain and derive Clausius Inequality.
b) 3 kg of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure of 2.5 bar from 23°C to 227°C. If the lowest available temperature is 20°C determine the increase in the available energy of air due to heating. Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg-K.
- 13) a) What is thermodynamic definitions of work? Distinguish between ∫pdV work and other types of work.
b) 3 kg of air at 1.5 bar pressure and 350 K is compressed isothermally to a pressure of 6 bar. Then heat of 350 kJ is added at constant volume. What will be the maximum temperature of air during the process? Find the total work done in the processes. Also find the change in internal energy of air.
- 14) a) Write the limitations of second law of thermodynamics. Prove that Cp - Cv = R
b) 10 kg of air at 300 K is stored in a totally insulated cylinder of volume 0.3 m³/kg. If 1 kg air has been taken out of the system, then what will be the value of new pressure?
- 15) a) Steam at 1.2 bar and a dryness fraction of 0.5 is heated at constant pressure until it becomes saturated vapour. Calculate the heat transferred per kg of steam.
b) Steam at 8 MPa and 500°C passes through a throttling process such that the pressure is suddenly dropped to 0.3 MPa. Find the expected temperature after throttling.
- 16) a) What are the causes of irreversibility?
b) Distinguish between a quasi-static process and reversible process.
- 17) a) 3 kg of air at 400 K and 4 bar pressure adiabatically mixed with 4 kg of air at 500 K and 3 bar pressure. Find the change in entropy of the universe.
b) Explain the principle of increase of entropy.
SECTION C : marks 50, 5 questions of 10 mark each. Each question contains 3 parts. Attempt any two parts out of three from each question.
- 01) a) Steam at 20 bar pressure and 300°C expands isentropically in a turbine to a pressure of 2 bar. Find the final condition of the steam. Also Calculate the work delivered by the turbine.
b) What is isentropic efficiency of a turbine? Calculate internal energy of steam at 6 bar pressure and 300°C.
c) Explain the steam formation process at constant pressure.
- 02) a) What is adiabatic mixing of two ideal gases? Derive the expressions for final temperature and pressure.
b) 5 kg of steam at 8 bar pressure and 200°C mixed with 3 kg of steam at 5 bar and dryness fraction x = 0.8 adiabatically. Find the final condition of the steam.
c) 5 kg of air at 4 bar pressure is heated at constant pressure from 300 K to 500 K. Find the change in entropy of the system.
- 03) a) Prove that in an adiabatic process pVγ = Constant.
b) Polytropic compression of air from state 1 to state 2 where p1 = 100 kPa and T1 = 300 K, p2 = 300 kPa and n = 1.2 where as mass of air is 3 kg. If R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K. Then find
- i) heat exchange during the process
- ii) change in internal energy
- iii) total work done by the air
- iv) change in entropy
c) A non flow reversible process occurs for which pressure and volume are correlated by the relation p = (V² + 6V), where V is the volume in m³ and pressure p is in bar. Determine work done if volume changes from 3 to 6 m³.
- 04) a) A gas expands according to the equation pv = 100, where " p " is the pressure in kPa and " v " is the specific volume. Initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 500 kPa respectively. The gas is then heated at constant volume back to it'd original pressure of 1000 kPa. Determine the net work done. Also sketch the processes in p-v coordinates.
b) What is the definition of thermodynamic work?
c) What is the efficiency of a thermodynamic cycle?
- 05) a) What is paddle work? Distinguish between
∫pdV work and ∫-vdp work.
b) If pV = mRT, determine whether the expression (V/T).dp + (p/T).dV is a property of a system.
c) 2 kg of air at 1 bar pressure and 300 K is compressed adiabatically to a pressure of 6 bar. Then heat of 200 kJ is added at constant pressure. What will be the maximum temperature of air during the process? Find the total work done in the processes. Also find the change in internal energy of air.
- 06) a) Find the expression for heat transfer in terms of work done in a polytropic process.
b) What is the specific heat Cn for a polytropic process?
c) 2 kg of air at pressure 2 bar and 300 K is compressed reversibly to 4 bar and 650 K temperature in a polytropic process. Determine the polytropic index (n) of the process.
- 07) a) Find an expression for mechanical work in steady flow process.
b) What is the meaning of - vdp work?
c) Air flows through a gas turbine system at a rate of 5 kg/s. It enters with a velocity of 150 m/s and an enthalpy of 1000 kJ/kg. At exit the velocity is 120 m/s and enthalpy is 600 kJ/kg. If the air passing through the turbine looses 30 kJ/kg of heat to the surroundings, determine the power developed by the system.
- 08) a) Write the assumptions considered in Kinetic theory of gases? Prove that Cp - Cv = R
b) Explain the law of corresponding states.
c) 10 kg of air at 300 K is stored in a cylinder of volume 0.3 m³/kg. Find the pressure exerted by air using Vander Waals gas equation. Critical properties of air are: Pc = 37.7 bar, Tc = 132.5 K, vc = 0.093 m³/kgmole, R = 287 J/kg-K
- 09) a) What are the limitations of Vander Waals gas equation? Explain reduced properties of a real gas?
b) What is a undercooled liquid and degree of undercooling? Also define enthalpy of water.
c) What are the properties of steam at critical state? Explain sublimation process and triple point line.
- 10) a) What are the differences between dry saturated steam and superheated steam at a same pressure? Also, explain vapourdome, saturated liquid line, saturated vapour line and critical point.
b) What are the differences between work of evaporation and enthalpy of evaporation?
c) An inventor claims to have developed a refrigeration unit which maintains −10℃ in the refrigerator which is kept at a room where the surrounding temperature is 25℃ and which has COP of 8.5. Find the claim of the inventor is possible or not.
- 11) a) Prove that the absolute zero temperature is impossible to achieve according to second law of thermodynamics.
b) Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. A rejects heat directly to B. Engine A receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421℃ from the hot source while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 5℃. If work output of A is twice that of B, find :
- (i) Intermediate temperature between A and B.
- (ii) Efficiency of each engine.
- (iii) Heat rejected to the sink.
c) Prove that the reversible heat engines are the most efficient.
- 12) a) Steam at 1 bar and a dryness fraction of 0.523 is heated in a rigid vessel until it becomes saturated vapour. Calculate the heat transferred per kg of steam.
b) Steam at 9 MPa and 600°C passes through a throttling process such that the pressure is suddenly dropped to 0.4 MPa. Find the expected temperature after throttling.
c) What will be the quality of the steam at the end of adiabatic expansion of steam at 12 bar pressure and 400°C to 1.2 bar in a turbine. Also, find the ideal work out put by the turbine.
- 13) a) Explain the change of entropy in a perfectly isolated system during a process in the system.
b) Explain the conditions those must be satisfied by a reversible process.
c) Two kg of water at 90℃ is mixed with three kg of water at 10℃ in a perfectly isolated system. Calculate the change in entropy of the system.
- 14) a) Explain the second law of thermodynamics and prove that no engine can have a 100% efficiency.
b) Explain the theoretical Carnot cycle and derive its efficiency with diagrams.
c) A reversible engine working in a cycle takes 4800 kJ of heat per minute from a source at 800 K and develops 35 kW power. The engine rejects heat to two reservoirs at 300 K and 360 K. Determine the heat rejected to each sink.
- 15) a) What are the causes of external irreversibility?
b) Write the first and second Tds equations and derive the expression for the change of entropy during a polytropic process.
c) Prove that reversible engines are most efficient.
- 16) a) Explain the second law of thermodynamics.
b) Derive the Clausius inequality.
c) Steam at 160 bar and 550℃ is supplied to a steam turbine. The expansion of steam is adiabatic with increase in entropy of 0.1 kJ/kg-K. If the exhaust pressure is 0.2 bar, calculate specific work of expansion.
- 17) a) 5 kg of water at 400 K is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with 3 kg of water at 500 K. Find the change in entropy of the universe.
b) Explain i) Second law efficiency, ii) Effectiveness of a system and iii) Availability of a closed system.
c) Explain the principle of increase of entropy.
- 18) a) Explain Helmholtz and Gibbs function.
b) Explain the concept of PMM-I and PMM-II.
c) Find an expression of exit velocity C2 in terms of pressure ratio when air passes through a nozzle from a pressure of p1 and temperature T1 to a pressure p2.
- 19) a) Distinguish between enthalpy and internal energy.
b) What is absolute or thermodynamic temperature? Explain briefly.
c) Two Carnot engines work in series between the source at temperature 500 K and sink at temperature 300 K. If both develop equal power, determine the intermediate temperature.
- 20) a) Show that two adiabatic curves on p-V diagram never intersects each other.
b) Define and classify thermodynamic systems.
c) In an isentropic flow through nozzle, air flows at the rate of 600 kg/hr. At inlet to the nozzle pressure is 2 MPa and temperature is 27℃. The exit pressure is 0.5 MPa. Initial air velocity is 300 m/s, determine
- i) exit velocity of air
- ii) inlet and exit area of the nozzle
