RAY OPTICS 8

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and Lenses

Module 1: Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Refraction at a spherical surface occurs when light passes between two media with different refractive indices through a spherical interface.

The refraction formula is:

\[ \frac{n_2}{v} - \frac{n_1}{u} = \frac{n_2 - n_1}{R} \]

Where:
\( n_1 \): Refractive index of medium 1
\( n_2 \): Refractive index of medium 2
\( u \): Object distance
\( v \): Image distance
\( R \): Radius of curvature of the spherical surface

1. What happens when light passes from a rarer to a denser medium?

2. The refractive index of a medium is defined as:

3. The radius of curvature \( R \) for a flat surface is:

4. If \( n_1 = 1.5 \), \( n_2 = 1.33 \), and \( u = 10 \text{ cm} \), find the image distance if \( R = 20 \text{ cm} \):

5. The sign convention for image distance in the case of a convex surface is: