notes prepared by subhankar Karmakar
Reaching the age of adolescence:
21. ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY:
In India, the legal age for the marriage of girls has been fixed at 18 years. Motherhood before 18 is known as adolescent pregnancy.
Some of the problems brought about by early marriage in girls leading to early motherhood are given below:
a. The girls younger than 18 years of age are not prepared physically and mentally for motherhood.
b. Early marriage and motherhood cause health problems in the mother and of the child.
c. Early marriage and motherhood cause I go to the girl as she is not prepared to fulfill the responsibilities of motherhood involved in bringing up the baby.
d. Early marriage and motherhood katil the chances of higher education for girls.
e. Early marriage and motherhood cartoons the employment opportunity for the young girls.
22. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH:
The reproductive health is defined as a state of physical, mental and social well being of a person in all matters relating to the reproductive system at all stages of life.
Conditions to maintain good reproductive health during adolescence are given below:
a. It is necessary to eat balanced diet during adolescence.
b. It is necessary to maintain personal hygiene during adolescence.
c. It is necessary to take adequate physical exercise during adolescence.
d. It is necessary to avoid taking any drugs during adolescence.
23. NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF ADOLESCENCTS
The diet which contains the correct amount of each constituent such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals sufficient for the the normal growth and development of the body, and keep a person healthy, is called a balanced diet. Iron is a mineral which is necessary for making blood in the body. The iron rich foods such as leafy vegetables, Indian gooseberry, meet and jaggery are good for adolescencts.
24. PERSONAL HYGIENE FOR ADOLESCENCTS
The maintenance of personal hygiene is necessary for adolescents for preventing diseases and keeping good health. They should take bath regularly and girls should take special care of cleanliness of the body during the time of menstrual flow.
25. PHYSICAL EXERCISE FOR ADOLESCENTS
All the adolescent boys and girls should do physical exercise such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, cycling, dancing, playing outdoor games regularly.
26. NO DRUGS FOR ADOLESCENCTS
Drugs are chemical substances which when taken into the body change the functions of the body, influence the mind and sometimes even change the behaviour of the person.
Some of the harmful effects of taking drugs are as follows:
a. Drugs are addictive. If somebody take drugs once, he or she feel like taking them again and again and making them drug addicts.
b. Drug addicts become irritable and lose interest in their studies or jobs.
c. Drugs do physical harm to the body. It damages brain, liver, lungs and kidney.
d. The sharing of syringes for injecting drugs spreads AIDS disease among drug addicts. AIDS is a dangerous disease which is caused by a virus called HIV.
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS can be spread in the following ways
a. AIDS virus can pass from an infected person to a healthy person by the sharing of syringes used for injecting drugs.
b. It can be transmitted to a healthy person through sexual contact with a person infected with HIV.
c. It can be transmitted to an infant from the infected mother through her milk.
27. HORMONES OTHER THAN SEX HORMONES
Some of the important hormones other than sex hormones are : Growth hormones, thyroxine, insulin and adrenaline.
A. Pituitary gland
Pituitary is an endocrine gland. It is attached to the base of the brain. It secrets in number of hormones. One of the hormone secreted by pituitary gland is the growth hormone. The growth hormone controls the growth of the human body. A person having a deficiency of growth hormone in childhood remains very short and becomes a dwarf. A person having too much growth hormone becomes very tall.
Pituitary gland is called master gland, because many of the hormones which its secrets control the functioning of other endocrine glands in the body like testes, ovaries, thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
B. Thyroid gland
Thyroid is a large endocrine gland in the neck. Thyroid gland makes a hormone called thyroxine which contains iodine. A deficiency of iodine in the diet can cause a deficiency of thyroxine hormone in the body. The deficiency of thyroxine hormone causes a disease known as goitre. Main symptoms of goitre disease is that the neck of the person suffering from goitre appears to be swollen. People are advised to use iodised salt for cooking food so as to prevent Goitre disease.
C. Pancreas
Pancreas just below the stomach in our body. Pancreas secrete the hormone called insulin. The function of insulin hormone is to lower the blood sugar level for blood glucose level. Deficiency of insulin hormone in the body causes a disease known as diabetes.
D. Adrenal glands or adrenal
Adrenal endocrine glands there are two adrenal glands in our body which are located on the top of two kidneys. The adrenal glands produce adrenaline hormone. The adrenaline hormone prepares our body to function at maximum efficiency during emergency situations like danger, fear, shock, surprise or excitement.
When we are faced with a dangerous situation then the adrenal glands secrete more adrenaline hormone into our blood. This adrenaline hormone speeds up the heartbeat, increases breathing rate, raises blood pressure, and causes liver to release more stored glucose into blood. All these actions of adrenaline hormone produce a lot of energy in our body very very quickly.
The adrenal glands also produce and secrete another hormone called aldosterone. The aldosterone hormone secreted by adrenal glands maintains the correct salt balance in the blood.
ROLE OF HORMONES IN COMPLETING THE LIFE HISTORY OF FROG AND INSECT
LIFE OF FROG
In a frog, the tadpole or Larva hatched from the eggs passes through certain stages to become a frog. The change of tadpole to the adult frog is called metamorphosis. In a frog, metamorphosis is brought about by thyroxine hormone, produced by the thyroid gland. The production of thyroxine hormone requires the presence of iodine in water. So is the pond water in which the tadpoles are growing does not contain sufficient iodine to make enough thyroxine hormone there will be deficiency of thyroxine hormone due to which tadpoles cannot undergo metamorphosis and hence cannot become adult frogs.
All the amphibians need thyroxine hormone to undergo metamorphosis and change from larvae into adults.
LIFE OF SILK MOTH
The caterpillar or larvae has to pass through to various stages and undergo metamorphosis to become an adult silk moth. Silk moth is a kind of insect the process of metamorphosis in insects is controlled by insect hormones.
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